The immediate and delayed effects of TV : Impacts of gender 4 and processed - food intake history 5 6 7 Heather

26 Eating while watching TV has generally been found to increase both immediate 27 and delayed energy intake. Here we examine two factors gender and habitual 28 processed-food intake – that may moderate these effects. Participants (n = 153; 95 29 women, 58 men; M age = 19.7 [SD = 2.9]; M BMI = 22.4 [SD = 3.1]) ate an ad30 libitum snack either with or without TV, followed around one hour later by lunch. 31 There was an interaction between TV and gender for both meals. Women tended to 32 consume more snack food in the TV condition, with men consuming more in the no33 TV condition. Participants who habitually consumed more processed food also ate 34 more snacks, independent of any other variable, including rated liking. At lunch, men 35 who had earlier snacked with TV ate more than men who had snacked without TV, 36 but this effect was not evident in women. On memory recall, all participants 37 underestimated how much snack food they had eaten, and this was a function of how 38 much they had actually consumed, with greater error only predicted by greater 39 consumption. The results indicate that the effects of TV on eating can vary with 40 gender and that processed-food history can predict snack food intake. While previous 41 findings suggest memory of prior-intake may be impaired by eating while watching 42 TV, the current results suggest this is not necessarily because of TV per se, but 43 because people sometimes consume more food under such conditions. 44 45